Physiological capacity of Cancer setosus larvae — Adaptation to El Niño Southern Oscillation conditions

Temperature changes during ENSO challenge the fauna of the Pacific South American coast. In many ectotherm benthic species pelagic larvae are the most important dispersal stage, which may, however, be particularly vulnerable to such environmental stress. Thermal limitation in aquatic ecotherms is hypothesized to be reflected first in the aerobic scope of an animal. Here we present results on whole animal oxygen consumption and on the activities of two metabolic key enzymes, citrate synthase (CS) and pyruvate kinase (PK)) of Cancer setosus zoeal larvae, acclimated to different temperatures. Larvae acclimated to cooler temperatures (12 and 16 °C) were able to compensate for the temperature effect as reflected in elevated mass specific respiration rates (MSR) and enzyme activities. In contrast, warm acclimated larvae (20 and 22 °C) seem to have reached their upper thermal limits, which is reflected in MSR decoupling from temperature and low Q10 values (Zoea I: 1.4; Zoea III: 1.02). Thermal deactivation of CS in vitro occurred close to habitat temperature (between 20 and 24 °C), indicating instability of the enzyme close to in vivo thermal limits. The capacity of anaerobic metabolism, reflected by PK, was not influenced by temperature, but increased with instar, reflecting behavioral changes in larval life style. Functioning of the metabolic key enzyme CS was identified to be one possible key for larval limitation in temperature tolerance

Blue Lupin for White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

Formulated feeds used for the growing production of carnivorous fish and crustaceans generally have a high protein content still met mostly by fish meal supply. Maintaining the steady and enormous growth of aquaculture production requires practical alternative protein sources. Terrestrial protein sources have been the focus of feed research for more than twenty years. Many studies test legumes like field peas, lupin and faba bean. Several different cultivars of lupin have been tested with different fish species mainly in Australia. The results of these studies are promising for example for salmon and seabass but. Lupin diets with a relevant replacement level for high value crustaceans are tested in the present study. An experimental diet (Basis) with 30% fish meal as main protein source was formulated. Lupinus angustifolius kernel meal was added as 10, 20 and 30 % of the diet, incrementally replacing fishmeal. All diets were balanced to meet the requirements of L. vannamei in the grow out phase, concerning energy content, protein and amino acid profile, lipid and fatty acid composition, vitamins and minerals. These diets were compared with a commercial controlFeeding experiments were conducted over 8 weeks in a RAS device, with 18 separate 50 l tanks. Mean survival rate of the shrimps was 65% across all treatments. Mean biomass of animals fed with high lupine levels (L30) was significantly lower than in control diets (Basis and Commercial control) and L10 after 8 weeks. Metabolic analyses showed malnutrition of animals fed the L30 diet concerning glucose and triglyceride levels, although appropriate protein provision was attained with all experimental feeds. The total haemocyte count showed significantly higher counts in animals fed the L10 diet, which hints at an elevated immune capacity of these animals. This is an intriguing result concerning immunostimulation in cultured animals and needs further investigation. Untreated lupine meal can be used as an alternative protein source at rates of up to 10% (-20%) of the total feed (= 30-40% of animal protein)

Optimierung von Lupinenmehl für die Aquakultur

Lupine aus ökologischen Anbau stellt eine nachhaltige und kostengünstige Alternative zu Fisch- und Sojamehl in Futtermitteln für die Aquakultur dar. Das Projekt "Optimierung von Lupinenmehl für die Aquakultur" (OLA) entwickelte Verfahren zur Steigerung der Verdaulichkeit von Lupinenmehl in Futtermitteln für karnivoren Wolfsbarsch, und analysierte die Vermarktungschancen von Lupine in der Fischfutterindustrie. Ein Hindernis in der Nutzung pflanzlicher Proteinquellen stellen Substanzen dar, sogenannte antinutritive Substanzen, die die Futteraufnahme und Verdauung von Fischen negativ beeinflussen können. Der Projektpartner, das ttz Bremerhaven, entwickelte in diesem Projekt ein enzymatisches Fermentationsverfahren um diese Substanzen im Lupinenmehl zu reduzieren und Verdaulichkeit und Akzeptanz zu fördern. Die Aquakulturforschung am AWI testete das fermentierte Lupinenmehl gegen herkömmliches Lupinenmehl in steigenden Mengen als Ersatz für Fischmehl in Akzeptanz- und Wachstumsversuchen. Diese zeigten, dass ein Futter mit 50% Lupine vergleichbare Wachstumsraten wie Futter aus 65% Fischmehl hervorbringt. Obwohl die Fermentation eine starke Reduktion der Phytinsäure im Lupinenmehl herbeiführte, hatte dies keine Wirkung auf die Wachstumsperformance bei Tieren über 15 g. Bei kleineren Tieren hatte die Fermentation jedoch eine positive Wirkung auf Wachstum. Enzymatische Analysen zeigten eine signifikante Beeinträchtigung der Verdauungsenzyme durch Lupine. In-vitro Analysen mit der pH-Stat Methode zeigten, dass diese durch Fermentation sowie Toasting reduziert wird. Stakeholderanalysen zeigten eine grundsätzliche positive Bewertung von Lupinen aus ökologischen Landbau als sinnvollen Futtermittelinhaltsstoff. Jedoch wurden Schwankungen beim Angebot, Qualität und Zusammensetzung sehr häufig bei größeren Abnehmern als Ausschluss Kriterium wahrgenommen. Insgesamt zeigte das Projekt, dass Lupinenbasierte Futtermittel (mit oder ohne thermische/ enzymatische Behandlung) sehr gut geeignet sind um sämtliche nutritiven Bedürfnisse der karnivorer Wolfsbarsche zu decken. Lupine wird aber sein Potential als Futtermittelinhaltsstoff nur erfüllen, wenn Engpässe in der Wertschöpfungskette durch Sicherung der Produkt-Qualität und Supply-Chain überwunden werden

The ISCIP Analyst, Volume XIV, Issue 8

This repository item contains a single issue of The ISCIP Analyst, an analytical review journal published from 1996 to 2010 by the Boston University Institute for the Study of Conflict, Ideology, and Policy

The ISCIP Analyst, Volume XIV, Issue 9

This repository item contains a single issue of The ISCIP Analyst, an analytical review journal published from 1996 to 2010 by the Boston University Institute for the Study of Conflict, Ideology, and Policy

Global availability of data on HPV genotypedistribution in cervical, vulvar and vaginal disease and genotype-specific prevalence and incidence of HPV infection in females

Background: Country-level HPV genotyping data may be sought by decision-makers to gauge the genotype-specific burden of HPV-related diseases in their jurisdiction and assess the potential impact of HPV vaccines. We investigated, by country, the availability of published literature on HPV genotypes in cervical, vaginal and vulvar cancers and intraepithelial neoplasms (CINs, VaINs and VINs) and on prevalence and incidence of genital HPV infections among women without clinically manifest disease. Findings: Primary sources of publications were the PubMed/Medline and EMBASE databases. Original studies or meta-analyses published from 2000, covering genotypes 16 and 18 and at least one of genotypes 31/33/45/52/58, were included. Key exclusion criteria were language not English, cervical lesions not histologically confirmed (cytology only), special populations (e.g., immunocompromised) and, for cervical studies, small population (<50). A total of 727 studies reporting HPV genotype-specific data were identified: 366 for cervical cancers and CINs, 43 for vulvar or vaginal cancers and VINs/VaINs, and 395 and 21 for infection prevalence and incidence, respectively, in general female population samples. A large proportion of studies originated from a small set of countries. Cervical cancer/CIN typing data was scarce for several regions with the highest cervical cancer burden, including Eastern, Middle and Western Africa, Central America, South-East Asia, South Asia, and Eastern Europe. Data for vulvar/vaginal disease was limited outside of Europe and North America. Conclusions: Although a large body of published HPV genotype-specific data is currently available, data gaps exist for genotype-specific infection incidence and several world regions with the highest cervical cancer burden

Interleukin-6 concentration predicts coronary artery disease better than high-sensitivity C-reactive protein

This repository item contains a single issue of The ISCIP Analyst, an analytical review journal published from 1996 to 2010 by the Boston University Institute for the Study of Conflict, Ideology, and Policy

Temperature effects on zoeal morphometric traits and intraspecific variability in the hairy crab Cancer setosus across latitude

International audiencePhenotypic plasticity is an important but often ignored ability that enables organisms, within species-specific physiological limits, to respond to gradual or sudden extrinsic changes in their environment. In the marine realm, the early ontogeny of decapod crustaceans is among the best known examples to demonstrate a temperature-dependent phenotypic response. Here, we present morphometric results of larvae of the hairy crab , the embryonic development of which took place at different temperatures at two different sites (Antofagasta, 23°45′ S; Puerto Montt, 41°44′ S) along the Chilean Coast. Zoea I larvae from Puerto Montt were significantly larger than those from Antofagasta, when considering embryonic development at the same temperature. Larvae from Puerto Montt reared at 12 and 16°C did not differ morphometrically, but sizes of larvae from Antofagasta kept at 16 and 20°C did, being larger at the colder temperature. Zoea II larvae reared in Antofagasta at three temperatures (16, 20, and 24°C) showed the same pattern, with larger larvae at colder temperatures. Furthermore, larvae reared at 24°C, showed deformations, suggesting that 24°C, which coincides with temperatures found during strong EL Niño events, is indicative of the upper larval thermal tolerance limit.   is exposed to a wide temperature range across its distribution range of about 40° of latitude. Phenotypic plasticity in larval offspring does furthermore enable this species to locally respond to the inter-decadal warming induced by El Niño. Morphological plasticity in this species does support previously reported energetic trade-offs with temperature throughout early ontogeny of this species, indicating that plasticity may be a key to a species' success to occupy a wide distribution range and/or to thrive under highly variable habitat conditions